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Original Article
Therapy-related Myeloid Neoplasms After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma: A Single-Center Experience
Abeer Yaseen1, Anas Zayed1, Mona Ribie2, Albatol Alamoush3, Yazan Talab4, Lina Marie1, Waleed Da'na1, Omar Shahin1,2, Khalid Halahleh1, Kamal AL-Rabie1,2, Mohammad Ma'koseh1,2, Zaid H. Abdel Rahman1,2

1Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan

2University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

3Office of Scientific Affairs and Research, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan

4Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan

Keywords
lymphoma, therapy-related, autologous transplant, leukemia, MDS
Submitted: March 10, 2025
Accepted: July 19, 2025
Published online: October 3, 2025

Abstract

Despite advances in lymphoma treatment, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) remains essential in regions with limited access to novel therapies. Improved survival post-auto-HCT has led to an increased incidence of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN).

We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients (≥18 years) who underwent auto-HCT for lymphoma at King Hussein Cancer Center in Jordan between 2003 and 2020 with the goal of evaluating characteristics and outcomes of patients developing t-MN post-auto-HCT.

We identified 407 patients with a median follow-up of 5.8 years. The median age at auto-HCT was 34.6 years, 54.9% were males, 65.3% had Hodgkin lymphoma, and 41.1% were refractory to first-line treatment. dexamethasone, ara-C, cisplatin (DHAP) was the most common salvage regimen (47.8%). At the time of auto-HCT, 39.7% were in complete remission. BCNU, etoposide, ara-C, melphalan (BEAM) was the most common conditioning regimen 91.9%. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 64.4%.

Thirteen patients (3.2%) developed t-MN (5 acute myeloid leukemia, 8 myelodysplastic syndrome) with a median onset of 3.25 years post-auto-HCT. The median OS post t-MN diagnosis was 6 months. Patients with t-MN were older (p < 0.001), more likely to have non-Hodgkin lymphoma (p=0.023) and had more comorbidities (p=0.02). The most common cytogenetic abnormality was del (7) (46%), and TP53 was the most common molecular abnormality (15%). Age at transplant was the only significant predictor of t-MN (Hazard Ratio=1.162, p < 0.001) on multivariate analysis. t-MM accounted for 18.8% of non-relapse mortality (NRM).

t-MN significantly contributes to NRM post-auto-HCT. Age at transplant is the primary risk factor, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and risk mitigation strategies.

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Online ISSN:2432-7026